Northern Rock Plc free essay sample

Plc Contents Page 1Report2 1. 1Audit Committee and Auditors2 1. 2Experience:4 2Comparison5 2. 1Chief Executive and Chairman5 2. 2Audit Committee5 2. 3Risk Management Committee6 2. 4Remuneration amp; Nominations Committee6 3Chance of another failure6 4Conclusion:8 5References8 Report In this report I am going to highlight the weaknesses in the corporate governance code of Northern Rock that lead to its downfall. Audit Committee and Auditors According to the UK Corporate governance code the board should set up formal and obvious arrangements bearing in mind how to apply the corporate reporting internal control, and risk management rules for keeping the right relationship with the company`s auditors. The board should make up an audit committee of at least three non executive directors in the case of smaller companies at least two NEDs. The chairman can be a member in smaller companies but cannot chair the committee unless he or she was considered independent on appointment as chairman. The board should make sure that at least one the member should have recent and relevant experience in the audit committee. We will write a custom essay sample on Northern Rock Plc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The board’s responsibilities are to lay out all the terms in writing and monitor the financial statement of the company, to review the financial performance and reporting. It should also review internal financial control, risk management system if not in place separately to check the effectiveness and internal function of internal audit. The board should also be review and monitor the external auditors work their appointments and re appointments, their remunerations, and more importantly the non audit services should be checked very closely. In the case of Northern rock the board and the audit committee failed to implement the above mentioned guidelines. In July 2007 the chief executive published on the website that operationally Northern rock’s first half of 2007 was a good one. He mentioned that mortgage lending in particular was strong. If that was the case then how did Northern Rock end up being nationalised in just over 7 months? Was someone checking and verifying the statements of the chief executive. The external auditor’s complacency was another issue. In their report of 2006 they gave a clean bill of health. This was later investigated by the House of Lords economic affairs committee which found that the auditors had performed their job carelessly. An effective audit committee could have spotted these problems well in advance. The reason for PWC’s complacency might either be because of the presence of Rosemary Radcliffe on the audit committee who was previously a partner of PWC or maybe they were providing other non audit services to the company and did not want to upset the board. As per the corporate governance code the number of audit committee’s members was according to the code but none of the NEDs had any financial experience. Nichola Pease had experience of fund management but not in the banking industry even that experience was not a recent one as required by the code. It seems that at Northern Rock the audit and risk committees were not taken very seriously as Rosemary Radcliffe only attended two out of four audit committee and one out of three risk committee meetings. Experience: Northern Rock appointed a Senior Independent Director with over half the board being non-executive directors- following the combined code 2 and Basel 2 recommendations. However none of the directors were experienced enough in the field of banking not even building society. This in fact does not support the idea of having good corporate governance as it does not ensure failure or success. The above factors raised questions as to why the company’s shareholders did not question the risky business model or was it because of outstanding profits seen as the reward for taking such risk. The remuneration committee can also be held responsible for the failure as both the chief executive and the company took on the gamble for the high risks which in turn questions the values of the shareholder and executive. As mentioned above there were so many factors involved . i. e. he lack of experience, the chairman of the board and nominations committee Dr Ridley had no prior financial experience and even the subject that he has studied is far different to the role he was responsible for. The other four non executive directors Fenwick, Gibson, Pease and Queen also did not have recent relevant experience. Sir Derek Wanless with a good education background but unfort unately with some negative history while working in NatWest where he got paid ? 3M having lead a disastrous acquisition strategy. If the company was aware of the history then why was he appointed as a chairman of the Audit and risk committee? All of the above points indicate that it was really poor corporate governance in place which neither of the committee paid attention or lack their experience in the case of chief executive`s appointment cannot be said that much as he was internally promoted it is sometimes good so he knew about the company from scratch to the top but in some case it is better to have an experience person from a different companies so that they can bring new ideas and innovation. The audit committee had to review what they have been there for the monitoring of the internal financial control, the services, remuneration, re appointments of the external auditors. If the corporate governance were strong in the company there would not be any mis representation of the financial reporting neither by the chief executive nor by the external auditors and also they would have known the consequence of the failure before it had happened. Comparison In this question I am going to compare the governance arrangements noted in the case study with the current version of the UK corporate Governance code. Northern rock had applied most of the governance code but there were some weaknesses in some of the areas. Chief Executive and Chairman As per the UK governance code the chief executive and the chairman should be separate, their re-appointment and remuneration will have to be approved by the board. In Northern Rock the above codes were applied properly. Chief executive and chairman were two different individuals and their appointment and re appointment were also approved by the board. Audit Committee As mentioned above Northern Rock’s audit committee failed to comply with the UK Corporate Governance code on more than one count which led to the auditors not performing their job properly. Audit committee should act as a watch dog in an organisation. Risk Management Committee UK corporate governance says that the board should conduct a review of the risk management committee’s effectiveness at least on a yearly basis. The review should cover almost everything including financial, operational and compliance controls and should be presented to the shareholders. Looking at the timeline of collapse of Northern Rock it seems that the risk committee was not very effective in identifying risks faced by the organisation and hence failed to perform its duty properly which led to the collapse of UK’s 5th largest lender in within one year. Remuneration amp; Nominations Committee According to the UK corporate governance code the company should have a remuneration and a nomination committee which should determine the salaries of the board members and should nominate suitable individuals for appointment. The nomination committee should be made up of non executive directors who should be independent members of the committee. The chair or non executive director should chair the committee but he or she should not chair the committee when appointing the successor to the chairmanship. The committee should also evaluate the skills, experience and knowledge of the candidate when making recommendations. It seems that northern rock’s nomination committee failed in doing their job properly according to the UK corporate governance code. If they had fulfilled the above requirements in accordance to the UK code then the inexperience of the NEDs would have not been an issue. Chance of another failure Generally, organisations with relatively poor governance don’t succeed as uch as those with high standard corporate governance aided by investors. Northern Rock proved this statement when worries about corporate governance resulted in poor performance. This came about 4 years before it was nationalised when shareholders were concerned in the kind of bonuses which were being paid to executives. This develops another understanding about the theory that governance drives performance rather than performance driving governance. Non-executives improve performance and t he balance between executives and non-executives is very vital. Considering both the internal and external factors affecting the failure of northern rock it was mainly caused due to its internal disability of managing crisis. It was the very flawed legal regulation and the poor corporate governance of Northern Rock that let itself down during the tough mortgage crisis in the US. The business model of the company worked for a number of years but despite the risk involved the non-executive directors cared less of the actual risks to the company’s model. Lesson can be learnt from the Northern Rock fiasco by other businesses regardless of their size or profitability. If any business does not implement the corporate governance codes properly they are guaranteed to have problems sooner or later. Similar failure happened to the fourth largest American bank Lehman brothers due to poor corporate governance as their systems were very weak. The key areas of the failure were Corporate risk management, Board of directors, remuneration committee and nomination committee. The board of directors included nine retired four of them 75 years old one a theatre producer and another navy admiral with no banking industry experience. In the board of directors the directors were paid well for their work each in the range $325,000 to $397,000 even after getting high return from the company they were not seriously taking care of the company due to having other responsibilities. Their risk management were also a failure because their executive committee the CRO and the CFO meeting were every week but instead they meet only twice in both 2006 and 2007 which was very outrageous. The failure of the remuneration committee was that only $1 billion were paid in cash bonuses in just matter of 8years which is a big failure. Other than that $500 million was paid to the chairman. Out of the ten board member four of them were 75 years old and only one had the recent knowledge of financial sector. If in the future any other bank or business will not make their corporate governance strong I am afraid there will be more cases like in the future. Conclusion: After all I have mentioned above it was a poor corporate governance that led the bank to failure. Northern rock had all sort of weaknesses in their corporate governance code it will be a good lesson for the other banks to learn if they have any sort of weaknesses in their corporate governance they should amend those before it will be too late. References 1. Treanor, J. (2008). Poor governance reduces profits, says ABI. Available: http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2008/feb/27/executivesalaries. insurance. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013. 2. Roman A. Tomasic . (2009). Corporate Rescue, Governance and Risk Taking Northern Rock and Its International Context. Available: http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=1417953. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013. 3. The Financial Reporting council. (2012). The UK Corporate Governance Code. Available: http://www. frc. org. uk/Our-Work/Publications/Corporate-Governance/UK- Corporate-Governance-Code-September-2012. aspx. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013. 4. Agha, M G and Qatinah, A. (). Lehman Brothers and Corporate Governance Failure. Available: http://www. slideshare. net/adnanqatinah1/lehman-brothers-case-study2. Last accessed 09 Feb 2013.

Comaprative Economies essays

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Resolving Problems with a Local Area Network

Resolving Problems with a Local Area Network Network user problems: Explain different problems that a user of a local area network may faces while accessing the network. Poor or bad cable issue: Poor or bad cable issue is problem of a local area network which faces by user while accessing the network. In this problem, if the client computer is capable forconnect to the network, the performance might be reducing. Everyone could not be able to attach to the computer. Moreover, the current Gigabit network to the desktop is general, so that is why Gigabit category 5 will not work for less than concert and four pairs of cable as well. Cant get an IP address: The system is disconnected or ineffective. The operating system that can alert an address of the DHCP server (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) has not received. Furthermore, afterwards verifying the status of the system adapter can be configured to it. DHCP server could be out and server service will be interrupted as well. In addition, the device never reached the server for the first time. Printing problem issue: Printing problem is also of user area network which faces by user while accessing the network. Printing does not constantly work on network. To determine if a user is experiencing this problem, many people have the same problem. Moreover, only one problem, so it may be that the computer is not properly mapped to the printer server. If it does not cause the network between the client and the printer can be responsible for it. Provide a scenario as an example to explain a user having difficulties accessing the network. I am going to explain the scenario of a company difficulties which faced by user. AWI is a company and which company have so many computers.   There is some problem like poor or bad cable printing problem, can gets IP addresses. After that, user did find the issues and solve it with the help of internet. Identify and describe the potential solution to any 2 two of the problems mentioned above. Solution of Poor or bad cable: First of all, user should check cable, after that if any cable issue. Then user should change the cable. The cable has become untwisted; re-terminating the cable may resolve the errors. While following new advancements like power over Ethernet and Gigabit. The category 5 should be improved. Printing problem issue: In the beginning. Verify the configuration of printer, ensure it has a good IP address and can access the printer server as well. Apart from this, the print driver has settled printed problems. Create a form to document the problems and their solutions in knowledge base.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge Base-Form Name of the CompanyAWI Clients NameRajwinder Kaur Date and Time09/02/2017 -12.00pm Problem Detail:In this company, user faced local area networking problem while accessing the network. This is poor or bad cable.   In this problem, if client computer is capable for connecting to the network, then performance can reduce. Gigabit cat5 will not work for four pairs of cable. Name of the Technician Lakhwinder Kaur Date and Time10/02/2017- 12.00pm Service Hours 30 minutes Proposed Solution: First of all, user should check the cable and find out the errors. Then, if problem in cable so, change the cable. ResourceInternet,   Crimping   Tools, Cable Costs$20 Procedure Personal First of all, I did find the problem and Then, got the information from internet,   Ã‚   How we can solve the problem. Finally, I did solve my problem. Company ContactAddressAWI International Education Group Information Phone02232078935   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Website[emailprotected] Fileserver problems (Application server): Explain different problems associated with setting up a file server. Hard disk failure: A hard disk failure issue of fileserver. A hard disk failure problem happen while a disk drive malfunction and accumulated the information and that cant be accessed correctly configuration to computer. Moreover, Due to this problem, heats up the desktop and laptop when starts. Due to inadequate or defective fan ventilation of the CPU, hardware equipments damage. Slow speed: In file server issues second point is slow speed. In slow speed issue when server is not working properly then, processor takes too much time for downloading the files and so on. Moreover, sometime this issue occur when we keep extra data in computer. Security Issues: -In security issue, server folder security used for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   client to offer the access to the file in the group. Moreover, on the file   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Server if the safe information is passed on the server and then user   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   should look after the data on the server. Provide a scenario as an example to explain problems related with file or application server. Spark is a company in Auckland (New Zealand). This company have lots of computers. Users faced so many problems like hard disk failure, security issues and slow speed as well. Find the issue with the help of internet and then, installed antivirus software and got information how can fix it. Finally, I resolved the problem. Identify and describe the potential solution to any two of the problems mentioned above. Solution of Hard disk failure issue: Firstly, system should be shut down properly. It also is stay away from the installing supposed software. Hard disk ought to be clean commonly. Structure do update time to time. Moreover, should swap the HDD after three to four year. Solution of security issues: -There are so many good antivirus programs for the solution of securityissue. Update the antivirus software version to secure the computer system for malware and provide security providers on the internet against viruses, Trojans etc. Create a form to document the problems and their solutions in knowledge base.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge Base-Form Name of the CompanySpark.com Clients NameChris Date and Time10/02/2017- 12.30pm Problem Detail: Hard disk failure issue of file server. This problem happen whiles a disk drive malfunction and accumulated the information and it cant be configuration to computer properly. Name of the Technician Tiago Date and Time10/02/2017- 12.30pm Service Hours 25 minutes Proposed Solution: In beginning, I got information from internet how we can find this problem and fix it I did start find the problem.   Then, installed the software for remove the problem. Structure should update time to time. ResourceLaptop, Internet, Costs$20 Procedure Personal Computer, Internet, Antivirus software Company ContactAddress123Welson Street, Auckland InformationPhone0224356737 Website[emailprotected] Performance issues: Explain different issues related to network performance. Hard drive usage: Hard drive usage is first and the foremost issue of network performance. Mostly information exchange starts and finishes with a hard drive.Specifically, if at least two projects attempt to get to the hard drive in the meantime, information throughput will drop exponentially. Moreover, it is normally the slowest part inside the machine. CPU usage: CPU must be shared by grater part of the product running on a framework. Framework with different CPUs is not quicker than those of single CPU. In present day working frameworks, there are regularly twenty to sixty projects running when the client is not doing anything. Window is here and then slower on different CPU. RAM: -In spite of the fact that system information exchange does not ordinarily include much direct memory utilization. Moreover, user computer accidently start again as user in the central of something.   The folder structure of hard drive might be gradually deteriorated and user will not longer be able to boot user machine. Provide a scenario as an example to explain performance problem related to a local area network. Identify and describe the potential solution to any two of the problems mentioned above. Solution of CPU usage problem: In addition, user should update to your computer. Some programs are doing slow your computer, so that is why should remove that programs. As well should keep antivirus in your computer for remove the virus. Ought to be changing the power settings that will help in growing the processor capacity. Solution of RAM problem: First of all, user should test the memory modules and should check which module is not working. After that, also ought to be checking the memory slots. If any problem in memory slot so user could restore the motherboard. After change the memory slot module the lined up should be correctly on the bottom. Create a form to document the problems and their solutions in knowledge base.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge Base-Form Name of the CompanyVTNZ Clients NameAnil Verma Date and Time10/02/2017-1.00pm Problem Detail:RAM problem is related to network performance. Due to this issue, user computer start again and folder structure of hard drive might be gradually deteriorated. Name of the Technician Lakhwinder Kaur Date and Time10/02/2017    1.00pm Service Hours 20 minutes Proposed Solution: Firstly, did check the memory modules which module is not working. Then, find the problem in memory slot and finally change the motherboard and solve it. ResourceLaptop, Internet, Motherboard, antivirus Costs$50 Procedure Personal In addition, I find the problem of RAM. Then ,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Search on internet how we can fix it. Company ContactAddress20 Queen Street, Auckland InformationPhone0221451737 Website[emailprotected]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TASK 2 Monitor and maintain the performance of a local area network: 2.1  Ã‚   Identify and list any 5 network monitoring tools. Also  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   describe the features of those tools which deal with the performance issues of a local area network. Monitoring tools and features Total network monitor: -This device is the non-stoppable host, monitors network services. They also informed us that all issues need attention. Apart from this, this trouble is given a full report. The device is fixed to troubles successfully or negative consequence or still using the color code was imperfect. Nagios: -A flawless network to run all applications and all services must be up and running on the network at all times. An application, services, helps administrators to maintain critical systems at all times. Furthermore, to keep all this time is going to be good and also we need special control equipment i.e Nagois. This application is the core monitoring engine acts as a heart. The dude: -This dude monitoring tool is responsive device. Everyone can create automatic analysis for the device. Apart from this, it detects the trouble and alerts you while monitoring devices. Microsoft network monitor: Microsoft network monitor is local area network monitoring tool. This tool monitors the performance issues of a LAN network. Moreover, the operation control, to analyze and to capture the flow of traffic in the network allows to administrator. Mostly a device that network administrators must find easy to control.   This device is helpful for troubleshoot the networks problems and applications as well. Advanced IP scanner: In advanced IP scanner monitoring tool perfectly an administrator in a local area network, like network, wireless, routers devices for example mobile phones must be monitored. Moreover, this monitoring tool to share databases on a remote machine if HTTP and FTP has been able to connect as it helps us. This device allows starting the computer and shutting down the remote computer as well. 2.2  Ã‚   Install any available network monitoring tool on a computer having Windows Server 2008 and monitor the bandwidth usage over a period of at least 5 minutes. Figure1. It shows the dashboard IP addressed by bytes. Figure2. This picture represents the summary of capsa. 2.3  Ã‚   Analyze the information showed in the bandwidth monitoring graph to explain if the usage of network is reaching to its limits. First of all, I did install the capsa software. This software examines according the Internet protocol address. This represents the traffic buffet information. Moreover, this software gives information of summary and shows bytes, packets and bps so on. 2.4  Ã‚   Explain different technique for preventing performance problems to occur in a local area network. There are so many different techniques for preventing performance of a local area network. First, incline the number and speed of hard disk. Second,for load the balance of server should be added new servers and network functions. Increase to server memory is very vital for preventing the performance of a local area network.Also, should be setting of operating system. One thing is more; user should files moves from the server to the client PC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TASK 3 3.1  Ã‚   Identify and explain different security exposures and violations concerned with the security of a local area network. Probes: Probes confirm for protected servers or services so as to might be successively on computer on user LAN.   These tests are generally completed through programs that get a collection of IP addresses selected by the individual running the program. Moreover, there are some common services like mail, web and so on. Apart from this, when set up of other services then program try to observe. Furthermore, if it know how to login or else get access to that service. Probes are not to run some servers which you cannot recognized. Worms: A worm is a separate malware computer program. It is very harmful for network. Worm replicates itself to spread one system to another system. It does not require human intervention to spread.   It makes unusual to storage devices. Virus: Viruses are normally not security threat in a local area network to PCs. Virus can create lots of troubles. Moreover, it can be change the implementation of processor. It can transmit the virus one computer to another computer as well. Furthermore, virus can do loss the data.Due to the virus processor working slowly. Trojan Horses: Trojan horse is any malicious computer program which is used for hack into a computer through misleading client of its correct intention. This threat attackers use for private information like as banking information, passwords and personal identity as well. Moreover, this threat use for spreading malware across the network. Also, it can be corrupt the data and deletion to files. 3.2 Determine the possible solutions to these exposure and violations by giving at least 1 example each form an industrial perspective. Solution of Virus: Malicious software is very helpful for removing the virus, because without malicious software is very to remove the virus. Apart from this, there are some removal tools as well. User should install antivirus software for removing the virus. As well, user ought to be keep antivirus application for updating the computer. Solution of Trojan Horses:- Firewall software could compose invisible to user PCs.Firewall software too advise to user while programs on user PCs try to the attached with internet without significance. It will give information if user gets some virus.User should remove problems which are affected by Trojan horses threat. TASK 4 4.1  Ã‚   The sender in a LAN send 10110110; a hacker alter the data and the receiver receive 10100110. As a network expert analysis to find out the position of error bit. P1 P2 1 P4 0 1 1 P8 0 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 P1 = 10101  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odd  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P1=1 P2 = 11111  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odd  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P2=1 P4 = 0110  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P4=0 P8 = 0110  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P8=0 Transmitting data 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hacker attack the receiver data 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 P1= 1 1 0 0 0 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odd P2=1 1 1 0 1 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odd P4=0 0 1 0 0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odd P8=0 0 1 1 0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even Add parity bit: P1+P2+P4+P8= P7 So, P7 position is wrong. 4.2 Analysis a 10 bit sequence 1010011110 and a divisor of 1011 for error checking using CRC. Data: 1010011110 Divisor:1011 1001000111 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1001000111 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 <

Comparing Stereotypes and Stereotyping in Measuring My Blood and The Ar

Conformity and Stereotypes in Measuring My Blood and The Artificial Nigger    Adults frequently make conscious attempts to pass on their values and judgments concerning a number of matters to younger generations by sharing their own views. Generally, the advice they pass on is helpful for one to become a successful, productive member of the general population; however, this process of indoctrination can be harmful if the views shared by the elder are racist. Gerald Vizenor's "Measuring My Blood" and Flannery O'Connor's "The Artificial Nigger" explore the circumstances in which racist individuals try to induce others into following stereotypical ideas and how their influence can lead to a negative outcome.    One reason older people project their negative, racist attitudes is so that they may boost their own self-image. For example, in O'Connor's "The Artificial Nigger," Mr. Head acts as if he were the world's foremost authority on African-American issues since he has interacted with them during several brief occasions in the past. In Nelson's uncultured opinion, his grandfather's seemingly unendless knowledge about black people is impressive, and "for the first time in his life, he understood that his grandfather was indispensable to him" (257). The elderly grandfather enjoys the rare occurrence of having Nelson look up to him and respect his authority. Generally, Nelson merely looks at his caretaker as just another poor, unsophisticated country redneck incapable of furthering his own well-being; however, when the issue of black people is brought to attention, he is finally taken seriously. Otherwise, Mr. Head is just an unsophisticated man who gains his sense of self-worth b y abusing minorities. ... ...is the transfer of racist ideas through the use of indoctrination. While the main difference between the two stories lies in the way a seemingly trustworthy source shares its stereotypical ideas with either a single individual or a large group, indoctrination, as evidenced in both stories, can be hurtful and damaging. Some individuals, such as Gerald Vizenor are able to see the racism often associated with the sharing of ideas, but other, less intelligent or caring people simply accept other people's opinions as their own.    Works Cited    O'Connor, Flannery. "The Artificial Nigger." The Complete Stories of Flannery O'Connor. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1971. 249-70. Vizenor, Gerald. "Measuring My Blood." Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. New York: Harper Collins, 1996. 69-74.